Memulai dan Merespon Perubahan HargaMemulai Penurunan HargaKapasitas pabrik yang berlebihan menjadi salah satu penyebab perusahaan menurunkanharga. Perusahaan tersebut memerlukan bisnis tambahan dan tidak dapat menghasilkannyamelalui peningkatan upaya penjualan, perbaikan produk, atau tindakan lainnya. Perusahaanhanya mengandalkan penetapan harga kadang melakukan penurunan harga dalam rangka gerakanmendominasi pasar melalui biaya yang rendah. Entah karena memang biaya yang digunakanlebih rendah daripada pesaingnya atau menurunkan harga dengan harapan akan merebutpangsa pasar dan biaya yang lebih rendah. Strategi penurunan harga mengandungkemungkinan jebakan1. Jebakan mutu rendah Konsumen akan mengangga bahwa mutu produk rendah2. Jebakan pangsa pasar rapuh Harga pasar merebut pangsa pasar, bukan kesetiaan yang sama akan beralih ke perusahaan yang memberikan harga lebih Jebakan dompet tipis Pesaing dengan harga lebih tinggi mungkin akan menurunkanharganya dan mungkin memiliki daya tahan lama karena memiliki cadangan tunai lebihbanyakMemulai Kenaikan HargaKeadaan utama yang menjadi penyebab kenaikan harga adalah inflasi biaya. Kenaikan biayatanpa diimbangi kenaikan produktivitas akan mengurangi margin laba dan mengakibatkanperusahaan menaikkan harga. Kenaikan harga seringkali lebih besar daripada kenaikan biayasebagai antisipasi terhadap inflasi selanjutnya atau pengendalian harga oleh pemerintah. Halini disebut denganpenetapan harga lain yang dapat menyebabkan kenaikan harga adalah permintaan yang berlebihan.
Dengandemikian perlu adanya kegiatan dalam pengambilan keputusan yang disesuaikan antara kemampuan yang dimiliki dengan lingkungan yang ada di sekitar sehingga perlunya adanya manajemen strategi.Menopang manajemen strategis tergantung pada manajer mendapat pengertian mengenai pesaing, pasar, harga, pemasok, distributor, pemerintah, kreditorPricing is one of the most important considerations for any business. How much you charge for a product directly affects how much you can sell. Getting the pricing right can result in massive revenue boosts. In this post, we’ll look at some strategies how to price your products using proven theories. You’ll learn about pricing science, statistical models, and pricing optimization based on the psychology of pricing products. How to sell online Tips from e-commerce experts for small business owners and aspiring entrepreneurs. Please enter a valid email address What is Pricing Science? To put it into a tweetable sentence, “pricing science is the use of statistical models and competitor analysis to create a pricing strategy.” Pricing science owes its origins to the deregulation of the airline industry in the late 1970s in the US. Airlines offer anon-perishable commodity — seats on a plane. The demand for this commodity changes nearly every day. Post-deregulation, airlines quickly realized that they could make much more money by varying their prices as per demand. They hired statisticians to create complicated models for predicting demand and changing prices accordingly. This is the reason why ticket prices keep changing depending on when you book your flight. In terms of management theory, pricing science forms a part of “yield management”. It is an important enough aspect of business that most b-schools even offer courses on it. Large businesses often have dedicated professionals whose sold job is to figure out the best price for the company’s products. To forecast demand, they use complicated equations that look something like this Terrifying, right? But as you’ll learn below, getting the pricing right is crucial for your business. The good part is, you don’t have to resort to equations like the one above to get this right. The Pricing Process It’s a simple fact of economics as prices go up, demand goes down. Your job as a business owner is to find the sweet spot between price and demand. This equation can be represented as a curve, called “Demand Curve” In this scenario, your revenue would be a function ofTotal Purchases xPrice of Each Product. This can be represented as a rectangle on the graph The “sweet spot” between price and demand would be the largest rectangle you can draw within this graph Of course, this is an oversimplification, but you probably get the idea — to get the pricing right, you need to find the median between price and demand. Pricing Your Products What Not to Do Most businesses follow a rather simplistic pricing process called the “Three C’s” of pricing. These are Cost The total cost incurred in manufacturing the product. Price, thus, is cost + profit margin. Customers What customers are willing to pay for the product. Usually found out through customer surveys. Competition What competitors are charging for their products. On paper, this sounds good enough. After all, if you take your cost, customers and competition into account, you should be able to arrive at an agreeable price. In reality, this strategy fails more than it succeeds. Some reasons include Costs can change depending on availability of raw materials. They can also change depending on the scale of production. Cost based pricing discounts the actual value you provide to customers. It also doesn’t take into account intangibles like brand value, customer demand, etc. Your competitor might be underpricing its products to gain market share. Customer surveys to determine prices are sketchy at best. What a customer is willing to pay theoretically on paper, vs. what they pay with actual money can be very different. And so on. The tried and tested model seldom works. This is why you need to adopt a pricing strategy that takes customer psychology, statistical models, and demographics into account. How to Choose the Right Product Pricing Strategy Awell-rounded pricing strategy would focus on several factors. Some of these are 1. Adopt Demographic Based Pricing A cost or competitor based pricing model fails because it does not take customer demographics, product value or brand value into account. To combat this, adopt ademographic-based pricing strategy, pricing your products for your target users. For example, if you were selling jeans to rich celebrities, you can charge hundreds of dollars per pair of jeans. Instead, if your target market was 20-something college kids, you would have to bring down the price to under $50 to reach a respectable sales volume. To make this possible, you need the following demographic data for your target market Average income Higher income means higher price tolerance. Gender “Men buy, women shop” Location Upscale location equals higher disposable income not very useful fore-commerce. Education Education has a positive correlation with income. More educated buyers, thus, can be charged more. You can quantify demographic factors by taking into account their impact on sales say, if average income is over $100,000, income gets a factor of 2, if less than $100k but over $50k, it gets a multiplying factor of 1, etc.. With this you can use a custom formula to calculate the price. Obviously, this formula should be based on statistical analysis, but something as basic as this can work Price = Cost of production * demographic factors + profit margin — customer acquisition cost. 2. Adopt Dynamic Pricing In 1969, Frank Bass, a professor at the Graduate School of Purdue University, developed a model for quantifying the adoption of a new product. This model, called theBass Diffusion Model, gave a simple equation for how people come to use a product in a marketplace. Without going all mathematical on you, this model essentially divides consumers into two groups Innovators These are the early adopters who try out new product and tell others about it. Imitators These are people who start using a new product after it has already gained some traction, often after recommendations from innovators. The number of innovators and imitators peaks after some time. Graphically, this can be represented as follows You can apply this model to most successful products — physical or digital. For example, Facebook’s innovators were college students who first signed up for the service. Later, imitators jumped aboard when Facebook opened its doors to everyone. The question now is– how does this model apply to pricing? Even though the Bass Diffusion Model describes the adoption of new products, it is also widely used in pricing. The idea is simple you can maximize revenues from each customer by basing your price on a generalized Bass Model curve. Graphically, we can represent it as follows In other words, you can Price the product low-moderate to attract early adopters. Make sure it’s not too low, else you won’t be able to increase prices later, and will affect value perception among late adopters. Increase prices once adopters have become accustomed to the product. Alternatively, you can increase revenues through cross-sells and upsells. Decrease prices later in the customer life cycle to increase customer retention Thus, your prices are never truly static but keep on changing along with the customer’s journey. This is a powerful concept that removes the pressure to get the price just right. Instead, it forces you to adopt a dynamic product pricing strategy that is dependent on customer behavior. Simple, but useful. 3. Increase price inelasticity Price Elasticity of Demand, or PED measures changes in the demand for a product with changes in its price. If the demand decreases with increases in price, the product iselastic. If the demand remains the same regardless of price changes, the product isinelastic. There are two methods to determine the price elasticity Survey a sample audience from the target market. Ask them how their purchasing habits change with price. Study historical records to understand demand changes against price. You can then calculate the price elasticity with a simple formula PED = % change in demand / % change in price This usually yields a negative score since demand typically goes down with price. For example, if you increase the price by 50%, the demand decreases by 100%. The PED, thus, is PED =-100 / 50 =-2 In rare cases, demand remains the same or actually increases as prices increase. This either happens in a bubble, or for commodities such as oil or luxury goods. How does elasticity affect a company’s pricing policy Price elasticity essentially gives you an understanding of how customers will react if you increase your price. This is a function of three things Scarcity If a product is perceived to be scarce, it can command higher prices without alet-up in demand. Value If the product delivers a lot of value or is perceived so by consumers, you can increase the price without affecting demand. Brand A brand perceived as a rare, luxurious or premium brand can command higher prices without a slip in demand. In some cases, demand can actually increase with prices. Such products are classified as “Veblen” goods. Luxury products typically use brand perception, value perception and scarcity real or artificial to sell products at high prices. One of the best examples of this can be seen with diamonds. Diamonds are notably expensive and prized commodities. This high price tag comes from an assumption that diamonds are rare. Since there is very limited amount to go by, businesses are right in charging more for the product. However, study after study has shown that diamonds are not only not rare, but even abundant. Businesses that deal in diamonds, such as De Beers, are able to command top dollar for their products by creating artificial scarcity and aggressive marketing. For instance, gifting engagement rings as a tradition was in steep decline after the First World War. Seeing the sharp fall for its product, De Beers launched an aggressive marketing campaign that emphasized how diamonds are “forever” — like the bond of marriage. The campaign was successful, and a practice limited to a select group of people suddenly became the established norm across the country. All this marketing and positioning has turned diamonds into a largely inelastic commodity. It’s prices have steadily increased At the same time, demand has followed a similar curve The diamond industry managed to do this by Controlling supply and creating an artificial scarcity of an otherwise abundant resource. Improving the brand perception of diamonds by positioning them as “forever” and a symbol of love. Improving value perception by emphasizing the toughness of diamonds and their “heirloom” status a strategy frequently used by watch brands. This aggressive positioning has helped turn diamonds into an inelastic product where consumers have a high tolerance for price changes. How to Position Your Product As a small business owner you can adopt several tactics to position your product for higher prices without affecting demand Focus on the craftsmanship involved in the manufacturing process. Watch brands do this phenomenally well. You can charge exponentially higher prices by becoming a Veblen product. Price higher — people often equate higher prices with better quality. Tell a story about the product’s design, creation and origins. Storytelling has been scientifically proven to improve sales. Retailers such as Woot and the J Peterman catalog do this for individual products. Others such as American Giant weave a story about the brand itself. Get better product design. Research shows that better designed products are perceived to be of a higher value by consumers. Even if the function remains the same, better form can improve your sales. Improve website design. Strong website design improves conversion rates as well as value perception for the product being sold. Product positioning is a whole new topic altogether, but the above should give you some ideas to get started. 4. Follow Psychological Pricing Principles Lastly, you can improve sales and conversion rates for your products by framing the prices based on consumer psychology principles. There are a number of tactics under this category. Four such tactics you can use right away are I. Use “charm” pricing Charm pricing involves ending a price in 9 or 7 instead of the nearest round number. It is one of the most widely used pricing strategies. Studies indicate that customers tend to focus on the numbers before the decimal point when they read a price. Thus, even though there is just a $ difference between $10 and $ customers are more likely to view the latter as lower priced than the former. In fact, a study by Gumroad, a payment processor, shows that products that use charm pricing often sell 2x more. II. Increase prices marginally If you must increase the price of a product, make sure that the changes are marginal but frequent. Customers should barely register the change. Jumping from $12 to $15 will trigger resistance. But gradually increasing price from $12 to $13, then $13 to $14 and so on over 12 months won’t invite as much scrutiny. In experimental psychology, this idea is called Just-Noticeable Difference . It is frequently used for product improvements such that improvements are noticeable but not glaring, but can also be used for pricing. III. Split price into smaller units A great way to increase sales is to split the price into smaller installments. For example, instead of asking customers to pay $100, you can ask them for five installments of $20 instead. Even though the actual price remains the same, customers perceive the latter to be smaller since it reduces the “sticker shock” associated with the price. This strategy is frequently used by subscription products that give discounts for annual plans, but frame the price in monthly, not annual billings. This way, even though the customer is being billed annually, he perceive the price to be lower since it is split into smaller monthly payments. IV. Separate shipping costs from the price When pricing your product, it’s important to keep the shipping and handling costs separate from the main product price. Else, you risk customers thinking that the total cost is actually the product price. For example, if the product price is $30, and shipping costs $10, offering $40 as the total price will make the customer believe that the product itself is priced at $40. Most retailers follow this strategy. For example, Amazon clearly mentions the shipping and handling costs separately. Conclusion Getting the pricing right is one of the harder challenges you’ll face in your business. By adopting scientific, data-backed pricing principles, you can extract maximum value from your customer base. Key Takeaways Use product positioning to increase prices without affecting demand. Frame prices using psychological principles to maximize potential revenues Base prices on demographic data. Adopt dynamic pricing that changes along with the customer’s journey. Also read Three Pricing Models You Can Implement in Your Online Store
Translationsin context of "RESPOND TO CHANGING PRICES" in english-indonesian. HERE are many translated example sentences containing "RESPOND TO CHANGING PRICES" - english-indonesian translations and search engine for english translations.
Artikel kali akan dibahas bagaimana cara penjual dalam penetapan harga berdasarkan persaingan di marketplace. Berbisnis di dunia marketplace ataupun secara nyata tidak terhindar dari saingan bisnis. Persaingan yang dilakukan baik secara sehat ataupun tidak, semua dilakukan untuk meraih keuntungan bisnis. Sehingga menetapkan harga berdasarkan persaingan di marketplace dapat menjadi peranan penting untuk menjalankan bisnis online di marketplace. Dengan terlebih dahulu menyurvei kompetitor bisnis dalam menetapkan harga akan mengurangi beberapa resiko yang akan dihadapi penjual dikemudian hari. Pentingnya Penetapan Harga Banyak pengusaha pemula bingung menentukan harga untuk produk atau jasa terhadap pentingnya penetapan harga. Sebab harga adalah pengorbanan yang harus dikeluarkan atas mendapatkan sesuatu. Sehingga penetapan harga adalah ketetapan atau pertimbangan pengusaha dalam menawarkan harga akhir untuk transaksi produk atau jasa yang akan diperjualbelikan di dunia bisnis. Penetapan harga menjadi peranan penting untuk menghasilkan harga jual, karena dengan menetapkan harga akan mengurangi resiko dan memberikan manfaat. Salah satu tujuan penting pengusaha dalam menetapkan harga adalah untuk mencapai target yang diinginkan perusahaan, harga yang ditawarkan stabil untuk menarik pembeli dari persaingan bisnis, dan mampu menguasai pangsa pasar. Kapan Penetapan Harga Diperlukan? Penetapan harga diperlukan saat menetapkan harga jual, sehingga penetapan harga akan dibutuhkan sebagai bahan pertimbangan. Pertimbangan yang diperlukan adalah pertimbangan untuk mencegah adanya pesaing bisnis, mempertahankan stabilitas harga pasar, menaikkan volume penjualan, maupun menghasilkan maksimal laba penjualan. Sehingga penetapan harga sangat dibutuhkan dan berperan penting untuk menetapkan harga jual dan melangsungkan kegiatan operasional perusahaan. Strategi Penetapan Harga Ketahui terlebih dahulu apa itu strategi harga dalam penetapan harga? Strategi harga adalah kebijakan atau bahan acuan perusahaan dalam menghasilkan harga jual suatu produk barang atau jasa. Selanjutnya strategi penetapan harga yang perlu diketahui oleh pengusaha pemula maupun penjual dalam penetapan harga di pasar. Dimana metode penetapan harga dalam manajemen pemasaran terbagi atas 3 metode penetapan harga yaitu Strategi Penetapan Harga Berdasarkan Biaya Strategi ini sering digunakan oleh pengusaha pemula, karena strategi ini memperhitungkan jumlah biaya yang perlu dikeluarkan oleh pengusaha terhadap produk atau jasa yang akan diperjualbelikan di pasar. Pengusaha yang mengetahui nominal jumlah biaya biasanya mudah menetapkan harga jual, dan harga yang ditetapkan biasanya lebih tinggi dari jumlah biaya. Dan ketahui dalam penetapan harga berdasarkan biaya terdiri dari beberapa metode untuk mengembangkan bisnis antara lain Cost Plus Pricing MethodMark Up PricingFixed Fee PricingTarget Pricing Strategi Penetapan Harga Berdasarkan Kebutuhan atau Keinginan Strategi ini digunakan oleh pengusaha yang mengutamakan kebutuhan dan keinginan konsumen dalam penetapan harga. Penetapan harga berdasarkan kebutuhan atau keinginan dapat dilihat melalui harga yang berbeda dari harga pasar walau kualitas dan jenis produk sama, yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh wilayah, waktu, iklim daerah. Berikut yang menjadi bagian dari strategi dalam penetapan harga berdasarkan kebutuhan atau keinginan dapat dikategorikan sebagai berikut Price Sensitivity MeterDiskriminasi Harga Strategi Penetapan Harga Berdasarkan Persaingan Strategi ini digunakan oleh para pengusaha dalam mensurvei para pesaing bisnis yang menjualkan produk barang atau jasa yang sejenis sebelum menetapkan harga jual. Hasil penetapan harga pengusaha berdasarkan persaingan bervariatif, dimana harga yang ditawarkan biasanya bisa lebih rendah, rata rata atau lebih tinggi. Harga yang ditawarkan oleh pengusaha biasanya didasarkan dengan unsur pesaing atau kompetitor, salah satunya pesaing menjadi dasar penetapan harga. Strategi penetapan harga berdasarkan persaingan dapat dilakukan dengan 3 pendekatan penetapan harga produk antara lain Perceived Value Fixing Metode strategi penetapan harga berdasarkan persaingan ini adalah lebih menetapkan harga jual dengan mendekati harga rata rata produk sejenis. Pengusaha akan mensurvei semua harga pasar atas produk barang atau jasa yang sejenis dengan pengusaha di pangsa pasar, dan hasil perhitungan tersebut dijadikan sebagai bahan acuan pertimbangan dalam menentukan harga produk barang atau jasa. Jika penetapan harga yang dilakukan pengusaha terlalu rendah dari rata rata produk barang atau jasa yang diedarkan, maka resiko yang harus dihadapi oleh pengusaha laba penjualan tidak maksimal dan profit yang dihasilkan lebih kecil dari pesaing. Jika penetapan harga yang dilakukan pengusaha terlalu tinggi dari rata rata produk barang atau jasa yang diedarkan, maka resiko yang harus dihadapi oleh pengusaha menurunya volume penjualan dan menyebalkan pengusaha kalah saing dengan pengusaha lainnya. Sealed Bid Pricing Metode strategi penetapan harga berdasarkan persaingan ini adalah mendata semua harga pesaing sama sepertinya perceived value fixing, yang membedakan adalah tidak menghitung rata rata harga pesaing melainkan mendata secara urutan harga tertinggi sampai terendah. Hasil survei harga jual pesaing yang menonjolkan harga tertinggi yang ditawarkan, akan menjadi bahan acuan pertimbangan dalam menetapkan harga pengusaha. Sedangkan harga terendah yang ditawarkan pesaing tidak dijadikan sebagai bahan pertimbangan melainkan hanya sebagai data pendukung. Predatory Pricing Metode strategi penetapan harga berdasarkan pesaing adalah dengan menjatuhkan pesaing. Sama seperti sebutannya predator yang artinya memangsa atau menghilangkan atau merajai suatu wilayah. Pengusaha yang menggunakan metode ini biasanya pengusaha yang sudah bertahan lama di dunia bisnis dan memiliki modal yang kuat. Penetapan harga dengan metode ini biasanya dilakukan dengan menawarkan harga jauh lebih rendah dari pesaing dengan menghitung kapasitas atau kemampuan pesaing supaya tidak mampu mengikuti penetapan harga yang diputuskan sehingga pesaing akan kalah atau mundur dalam mengikuti harga yang ditetapkan oleh pengusaha. Kondisi harga penetapan tersebut lebih murah, supaya konsumen beralih membeli produk barang atau jasa di pengusaha yang mampu menawarkan harga rendah sehingga menambah image pengusaha dan menambah jumlah langganan. Contoh Penetapan Harga Berikut beberapa contoh penetapan harga melihat dari sisi strategi persaingan Contoh strategi yang dilakukan oleh layanan internet tri indonesia dilihat dari sisi persaingan ialah mereka menawarkan harga lebih murah dibanding layanan internet lainnya dengan memberikan fasilitas akses internet dan memberikan penawaran internet yang bervariasi. Contoh strategi penetapan harga berdasarkan persaingan dengan metode predator adalah perusahaan Amazon yang tahun 2013, menjual buku dengan harga jauh lebih murah daripada harga biaya dan memberikan promosi secara gratis untuk pengiriman dengan tujuan menarik perhatian konsumen dan memenangkan penjualan dari pesaing bisnis. Contoh strategi penetapan harga yang ditawarkan oleh layanan penerbangan air asia di tahun 2014 untuk menarik perhatian konsumen untuk melakukan penerbangan dengan menggunakan air asia dibanding menggunakan layanan penerbangan lainnya untuk menarik perhatian penumpang dengan harga yang lebih murah untuk mendongkrak volume penjualan. Contoh lain strategi penetapan harga yang ditawarkan perusahaan mobil toyota adalah harga yang ditawarkan bervariasi dan terjangkau untuk konsumen dan kualitas yang diberikan sebanding dengan harga yang ditetapkan. Ginee Omnichannel Solusi Jualan Online hingga Sukses Sudah menetapkan harga? Sekarang, start your business! Kalau Anda punya toko online banyak dan terdaftar di marketplace, mungkin sulit untuk kelola semuanya sendiri. Tapi, nggak sama Ginee Omnichannel! Ginee Indonesia adalah sebuah solusi Omnichannel yang paling tepat untuk bantu kelola toko online Anda! Fiturnya pun lengkap, seperti fitur manajamen promosi, produk, pesanan, stok, laporan penjualan. Yang lain juga masih banyak, ketahui, yuk, apa saja! Daftar Ginee sekarang, dapatkan 7 hari full free trial! Ginee Indonesia, Tool Bisnis Online Paling Kredibel Punya kesulitan mengelola toko online yang terdaftar di berbagai marketplace? No worries, Ginee Indonesia hadir untuk Anda! Ginee adalah sistem bisnis berbasis Omnichannel Cloud yang menyediakan berbagai fitur andalan lengkap guna mempermudah pengelolaan semua toko online yang Anda miliki hanya dalam satu platform saja!Fitur dari Ginee beragam, lho! mulai dari manajemen produk, laporan penjualan, Ginee WMS, yang artinya Anda dapat mengelola manajemen pergudangan dengan lebih mudah, Ginee Chat yang memungkinkan Anda mengelola chat pelanggan dari berbagai platform, hingga Ginee Ads untuk kelola semua iklanmu di berbagai platform. Yuk, daftar Ginee Indonesia sekarang FREE! Mengelola pesanan dan stok untuk semua toko online AndaUpdate secara otomatis pesanan dan stokMengelola stok produk yang terjual cepat dengan mudahMemproses pesanan dan pengiriman dalam satu sistemMengelola penjualan dengan sistem manajemen digitalMembership dan database pelanggan secara menyeluruhPrediksi bisnis dengan Fitur Analisa Bisnis di GineeMemantau laporan dengan menyesuaikan data, keuntungan, dan laporan pelanggan
. bagaimana seharusnya perusahaan menanggapi perubahan harga pesaing
